Possibly overkill for this application, but Brother P-Touch laminated labels (or more economically, the Chinese knock-offs) have The Right Kind Of Adhesive, which sticks well and peels off without leaving sticky crud. They're designed to withstand outdoor conditions, so the fridge shouldn't be a problem.
I labelled barakta's tea mug with one as a joke, and it's survived a couple of years of washing-up and tea-dribbling.