As far as I am aware, around 10% of Icelanders have surnames. The rest use patronymics.
Russians have both patronymics and surnames, patronymics are always gendered but surnames only if they have an adjectival ending (-ov/in/-skiy/-ny in the masculane form, -ova/-ina/-skaya/-naya in the feminine form). There are rather complicated social rules as to which you use and when.
Czech surnames are always gendered, if they don't have an adjectival ending they make one up by putting -ová on the end to make a feminine. This can even extend to foreign names: on my first visit there I listened to a news report about Margaret Thatcherová (it was a long time ago). I'd not come across different family members having different versions of the surname, but I wouldn't put it past the Czechs: they have the most insanely complicated language. I tried learning it once, I gave up when I realised it wasn't worth the effort.