I inspected the aphid mummies this morning, and they each had a neat hole in what's left of their bodies. At some time in the previous 12 hours, the wasps developing in the host aphids had each cut a hole and escaped into the big wide world to lead a happy and fulfilled life as a parasitic wasp specialising in making life hell for aphids.
Because
(a) it was taken with a macro lens at 1:1
(b) I know the sensor size in both mm and pixels
(c) I can get the coordinates of 2 points from GIMP
(d) Pythagoras
I can calculate the size of the hole. In this case, 0.855 mm diameter.