...
Follow up question: Whitehead is credited as inventing the torpedo in 1866, which was presented to the Austrian Navy. In simple terms, which side were the Austrians (presumably Austro-Hungarian Empire) on at that time?
The Austrian side. The system of alliances which led to everyone joining in WW1 didn't exist. Austria & some other German states fought Prussia & some other German states, & Italy (which wanted Venice) fought a war that year. The outnumbered & outgunned Austrians defeated the Italians at sea, but lost the war on land.
Britain, France & Russia kept out of it. Not their business.
IIRC Austria became Austria-Hungary the next year, in the Ausgleich.