They are interested in speed. In your original post you claimed 28's were as fast as 23's. That's why I questioned it.
For the purpose given, they as fast.
*deep breath*
If you are riding long distance then a comfortable bike will work out faster than a uncomfortable bike
If you are riding on rough roads then 28mm will be better than 23mm due to the shape of the deformed patch the road contact makes. This gives a 28mm tyre of the same construction a lower rolling resistance than a 23mm tyre. The Schwalbe website discusses this in tedious detail istr
At the speeds the OP intends to ride at aerodynamic factors can be discounted
It is true that 28mm tyres made of the same material as a 23mm tyre would heavier and therefore slower.
For example the weight table for Ultragator skins lists 23mm as 280g and 28mm as 320g.
Additionally, 28mm tyres tend to be heavier in construction anyway. They are more likely to have puncture strips etc. I tend to try and get the (rare) kevlar beaded 28mm tyres for this reason
Overall, the main problem with weight is the rotating weight. So if the pedal stroke isn't smooth or if the bike is accelerating the lighter tyre is better. The weight of the tyre as part of the bike+rider is negligible.
Now let's take two scenarios
1)
Consider under what circumstances a 28mm tyre might be
faster than a 23mm
Let's assume that the two tyres are being run at the same pressure. 100 psi for arguments sake.
The pedal stroke would have to be absolutely constant, with no accelerations to elminate the rotational weight difference. The road would have to be rough to maximize the contact point advantage. The speed would have to be under 50kph to remove any hint of aerodynamic effects. The road would have to be flat so that the tiny (compared with the entire weight of the bike and rider) extra weight of the tyres could be negated
2)
OTOH for a 23mm to be faster than a 28mm
23mm tyres tend to be constructed for higher pressures. So let's run it at 150psi. The road should be glassy smooth. The speed should be in excess of 50kph. There should be lots of speeding up and slowing down.
Scenario 1) is more like a long distance rider. Scenario 2) is more like a race
They are completely different things and require different tyres. But for the OPs purposes a 28mm tyre is as fast as 23mm.
That
really is my
final statement on the whole thing
If you need to discuss it further I am doing the K&SW 600 in a couple of weeks and will be available half the night on the A39 to Bude.