Yes, there are Presta to Schrader (aka Schraeder) adapters . The best ones incorporate an o-ring to prevent leakage. (A leaky adapter is one of the most annoying things in the world).
As well as pressure usually being limited, garages tend to ban the use of their air lines for bicycle tyres. So, save them for emergencies only when your pump is lost. Carry a 20p piece as well as your adapter for this purpose.
Otherwise I suggest a better pump or a CO2 inflator. With CO2, there is virtually no limit to the pressure you can get a bike tyre up to if you have enough cartridges or put some air in first with a pump. Just one 16 gram cartridge will usually do. I recommend the Innovations Air Chuck SL.
You should manage about 100 psi with a pump with a narrow barrel, of any length. If you want small, there is the Topeak Pocket Rocket, to name just one of many.