The beams of Notre Dame cathedral would have had a lot of 'redundancy', so ultimately defects in the timber aren't that important. There's been a lot of work done on the reasons behind 'shakes', as Oak and Chestnut have the potential to replace high quality tropical hardwoods if the quality can be improved. Domestic timber is often used in situations where stress grading isn't important.
Defects are more of a problem when producing boards. I once had to price up building a 650 metre boardwalk across a wetland nature reserve. We couldn't use chemically-preserved timber, so the choice was between Larch and Oak, which are both durable without treatment. The Oak was twice the price, and would have needed drilling and screwing to avoid splitting. That's assuming the boards were sound in the first instance. The quote worked out at £40,000 for Larch and £75,000 for Oak. The customer went for Larch.
I went direct to the sawmill for that amount of timber, and it was interesting to discuss the difference between softwood and hardwood milling. I made a short film at the time of the mill, it's since been upgraded. Buying direct meant I could up the board length and thickness.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il_0hkPHTtcThe site for the boardwalk was interesting, a typical lowland peat moss that had succeeded to woodland, mainly Birch, with a secondary succession of Oak. Cheshire Wildlife Trust have since cleared the trees. The construction was a bit of challenge due to poor access.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXgT7I2pv_4