Dynamos are actually alternators, so you could feed it backwards through a 220v to 110v transformer.
That's not a terrible idea...
I'd be tempted to try running a car alternator off the tyre. A simple wooden cradle for the alternator should be easy to fix up, maybe even a belt.
That not so much. A car alternator will need a battery in the circuit to regulate properly, which means you lose the "no pedalling, no power" effect. Also, they need a surprisingly high RPM on the input shaft.
I suspect they have no idea of the wattage of bottle dynamo. A simple permanent magnet 12 volt motor would give more power.
Indeed.
Alternative approach, since it's for lighting: Use 6V lights. Plenty of those designed for lighting bicycles...