There must be almost as many standards for gas cartridges as for USB connectors.
The bigger problem is that none of them have proper names, so people use vague and ambiguous terms to describe them. I think there are 5 you might encounter in the wild (ignoring stuff for caravans):
1) Screw top / Coleman / C500 / B188 (sometimes called EN417, even though "EN417" doesn't define a specific valve type and will usually be written on the others)
2) Aerosol type / notched disk. Sometimes called "bayonet", even though it doesn't really bayonet. Often Campingaz branded and have a "click" fitting, though not compatible with...
3) Campingaz EazyClic / CV470. Very similar to (1) but no screw thread.
4) Piercable / Campingaz C206. Not seen it actively sold in a camping shop recently.
5) Non-disposable Campingaz. Still occasionally found on dusty shelves. Screw fitting, but unrelated to (1).
Inevitably any shop you go in will stock exactly one type as if it were the only one that existed.